Operators in Python

In Python, operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Python supports a wide variety of operators, which can be categorized as follows:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	5 + 3 results in 8
-	Subtraction	5 - 3 results in 2
*	Multiplication	5 * 3 results in 15
/	Division	5 / 3 results in 1.666...
//	Floor Division	5 // 3 results in 1
%	Modulus (remainder)	5 % 3 results in 2
**	Exponentiation	5 ** 3 results in 125

Example:

x = 10
y = 3
print(x + y)  # Addition: 10 + 3 = 13
print(x - y)  # Subtraction: 10 - 3 = 7
print(x * y)  # Multiplication: 10 * 3 = 30
print(x / y)  # Division: 10 / 3 = 3.3333...
print(x // y) # Floor Division: 10 // 3 = 3
print(x % y)  # Modulus: 10 % 3 = 1
print(x ** y) # Exponentiation: 10 ** 3 = 1000

2. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a Boolean result (True or False).

Operator	Description	Example
==	Equal to	5 == 3 results in False
!=	Not equal to	5 != 3 results in True
>	Greater than	5 > 3 results in True
<	Less than	5 < 3 results in False
>=	Greater than or equal to	5 >= 3 results in True
<=	Less than or equal to	5 <= 3 results in False

Example:

x = 10
y = 5
print(x == y)  # False
print(x != y)  # True
print(x > y)   # True
print(x < y)   # False
print(x >= y)  # True
print(x <= y)  # False

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Operator	Description	Example
and	Returns True if both statements are true	True and False results in False
or	Returns True if one of the statements is true	True or False results in True
not	Reverses the result, returns True if the statement is false	not True results in False

Example:

x = 10
y = 5
print(x > y and y > 3)   # True
print(x < y or y > 3)    # True
print(not(x > y))        # True

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Description	Example
=	Assigns a value	x = 10
+=	Adds and assigns the value	x += 5 (equivalent to x = x + 5)
-=	Subtracts and assigns the value	x -= 5 (equivalent to x = x - 5)
*=	Multiplies and assigns the value	x *= 5 (equivalent to x = x * 5)
/=	Divides and assigns the value	x /= 5 (equivalent to x = x / 5)
//=	Floor divides and assigns the value	x //= 5 (equivalent to x = x // 5)
%=	Modulus and assigns the value	x %= 5 (equivalent to x = x % 5)
**=	Exponentiates and assigns the value	x **= 5 (equivalent to x = x ** 5)

Example:

x = 10
x += 5  # x = x + 5 -> 15
x -= 3  # x = x - 3 -> 12
x *= 2  # x = x * 2 -> 24
x /= 4  # x = x / 4 -> 6.0

5. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string) contains a value.

Operator	Description	Example
in	Returns True if the value is found in the sequence	'a' in 'apple' results in True
not in	Returns True if the value is not found in the sequence	'b' not in 'apple' results in True

Example:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(3 in x)  # True
print(6 not in x)  # True

6. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Operator	Description	Example
is	Returns True if both variables point to the same object	x is y
is not	Returns True if both variables do not point to the same object	x is not y

Example:

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
z = [1, 2, 3]
print(x is y)     # True
print(x is z)     # False
print(x is not z) # True